Mutations in KCNQ1 Ion Channel May Cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Synd

Mutations in KCNQ1 Ion Channel May Cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen SyndromeAbstractJervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome is a human disorder that causes deafness and anirregular heartbeat. It is caused by a mutation in a protein that is a potassium ion channel.The mutations lead to a protein that does not serve the purpose it was designed to serve. Itis difficult to treat, but there are things that can be done for both the cardiac and auditoryaspects of it. Implantation of a device used as a sort of bionic ear can be used as treatmentfor the deafness characteristic of JLNS. The cardiac portion of JLNS can be treated byeither a preventative gradation or with an implantable device used to stop arrhythmias (irregularbeating of the heart) once they have started.Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome is a recessive genetic disorder caused mostcommonly by mutations in the gene that codes for the KCNQ1 protein. In JLNS, thesemutations cause a premature termination of the protein synthesis, leadin g to a loss offunction. It is also known that KCNQ1 can mutate to cause a gain of function (e.g. aquickened heartbeat). Another disorder known as Romano-Ward syndrome involveschanging a few of the amino acids within the protein so that the protein retains its basic operate and function, but is a lot less efficient. Without mutations, the KCNQ1 protein is apotassium ion channel, meaning that it transfers potassium ions between a cell and itssurroundings. When mutated, KCNQ1 can cause deafness, and long QT syndrome (adisorder in which the heart takes longer to recharge than normal (QT segment is longerthan average), often leading to fainting or sudden death.) Jervell and Lange-NielsenSyndrome affects an estimated 1.6-... ...m.nih.gov/pubmed/18595190?ordinalpos=7&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum3Smith, Jarrod A., and Vanoye, Carlos G. and George Jr., Alfred L. and Meiler,Jens and Sanders, Charles R.. Structural Models for the KCNQ1 Voltage-Gated P otassium Channel. Biochemistry 4614 11 2007 14141-14152. 27 Jul2008 sample.cgi/bichaw/2007/46/i49/html/bi701597s.htmlbi701597sAF2.4Cochlear Implant. Wikipedia. 27 Jul 2008.5Long QT Syndrome. Wikipedia. 27 Jul 2008.6Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome. Wikipedia. 27 Jul 2008.7Jervell and Lange-Nielsen Syndrome. WSLH. 27 Jul 2008.

Fishing †The Best Hobby Essay -- Essays Papers Sports Recreation

Fishing The Best Hobby Workjust the word is enough to make me nauseous some ms. Look at the definition of the word put to workeffort exerted to do or make something labor, toil. It isnt exactly the definition of fun. Okay, granted work isnt always awful. There ar plenty of plenty who like their jobs, and work can even be fun. But for the most part, we all know that wed rather be doing just about eachthing former(a) than working. Luckily for us, we dont work all the time. No, we sleep, eat, drink, and have fun. How do we have fun? Well, some of us might get our pleasure from eating or drinking, sometimes a little too often. Others of us might have fun spending time with our companions or family, but usually when we teleph peerless of having fun, we think of actually doing something playing a game, reading a book, going swimming, whatever it may be. We call these ways that we have fun our hobbies. There are quite possibly an infinite number of hobbies. Who knows how many dif ferent ways there are for people to have fun. When it comes to me and my hobbies, however, there is one in particular that stands out above the rest. Fishing is definitely the best way to have fun. Fishing is the best hobbyhorse there is. Why am I so excited about leaning? Why am I so certain that it is my favorite hobby? While I could go on and on about the joys of fishing, there are three major reasons why I think its so great. They are that it is a relatively inexpensive hobby, it is genuinely easy, and, most importantly, there are so many ways, and so many people who can have fun doing it. Fishing is cheap. If youve ever looked at a bait and tackle magazine, you might be thinking, yeah, regenerate. You know, youve looked in one of those magazines and seen rods and reels that cost over a thousand dollars and lures that are upwards of twenty bucks, just for one lure. If you are thinking this, then youre right. If you want to fish with professional quality equipment, you are going to spend those kinds of prices. But thats true for any hobby professional-grade equipment is going to be very expensive. An official major league baseball, identical to the ones they use in games, costs over ten dollars. When was the last time any of you went out and spent ten dollars for a baseball to play catch with. No, Im not talking about being a professional fisherman admittedly, that isnt cheap. W... ...ve as much fun just riding in the boat as you do catching fish. Another someone might think of fishing from a boat, but that persons perfect fishing trip might be floating in a canoe down a country river. Believe it or not, fishing can even be fun for people who are petrified of the water. Some of the biggest fish ever caught are hooked from riverbanks, fishing piers, or bridges, without the fisherman getting so much as a toe wet. This is why fishing is so great, and Im not going to even bother comparing it to another hobby, because there is none like it. No, ther e is no other hobby that can be enjoyed by so many people, in so many places, for so many reasons. As I said before, there are an infinite number of hobbies that people have and its very unlikely fishing is your favorite hobby. Im sure you can spit right back in my face any number of reasons why your hobby is so great, and youd probably be right. But before you do that, force out and think about this. Is your hobby or any other hobby you can think of as inexpensive, as easy to learn, or as enjoyed by so many different people as fishing? I doubt it. That is why I love fishing so much that is why fishing is the best.

Rejection in Shakespeares King Lear :: King Lear essays

Rejection in poof Lear An important idea present in William Shakespeares index Lear is rejection and the role this rejection plays in the experiences of the involved characters. The important ideas to be considered here are the causes and effects associated with the act of rejection. The most important situations to be considered in the story of King Lear are those that develop between the two fathers, Lear and Gloucester, and their children, Goneril and Regan, Cordelia, Edmund, and Edgar. Each case falls on a different plane, but it is important to consider the similarities between the positions of Lear and Gloucester. The rejection of Lear by his two daughters, Goneril and Regan, can be seen as a type of revenge. Throughout their lives they had always been far behind Cordelia in the kings eyes. As a result of this second-hand treatment, Goneril and Regan carried with them an wide amount of hatred and when Lear divided his kingdom between them, they both openly rejec ted his presence in their lives. Some other time for that. - Beloved Regan, she hath bind sharp- similarlythd unkindness, like a vulture here, - I can speak scarce to thee thoult not believe with how depraved quality - O Regan ( King Lear II.iii ) Gonerils response get along clarifies this rejection. Good sir, no more these are unsightly tricks return you to my sister ( King Lear II.iii ). Lears reaction is pure rage. He understands that he had not given them too much of his time, but he had given them their percentage of the kingdom only because they had made a pledge to him that they would care for him in his elder years. The bond grim in this situation is a very weak one. The only thing that held it together was this flimsy pledge that the daughters had no intention of honoring. But no liaison the conditions, he was their father and his well-being was a sort of payment for their very existence. Cordelias rejection of Lear breaks a much stronger bond. Lear l oses his entire life purpose when Cordelia turns Lear away. Good my lord, you have begot me, bred me, lovd me I

Equal Partnership Rights for America :: Gay Marriage Essays

Equal Partnership Rights for America The president has often indicated that he would fight down a constitutional amendment against light marriages. The Supreme Court has not thus far seen a case dealing with marriage rights of homosexuals, and therefore the constitutionality of laws banning gay marriage have not yet come into question. Homosexuals would argue that they are seeking marriage rights equal with that of heterosexual marriage under the eyes of the law. Some people feel very strongly about this issue and see support for gay marriage as a governmental intrusion on a spectral practice. Others see no correlation between mandates on marriages and religious freedoms. All opinions aside, this is an issue that the public simply isnt very well informed about because there are different issues that have been seen as much(prenominal) more important, because they affect a greater amount of people. Despite other issues being in the publics attention, the e nigmas aroused by the prospect of gay marriage will soon make their presence known. The forefathers of our country inserted a clause into the Constitution known as the full faith and credit clause. tell clause (Article IV, Section 1, United States Constitution) insures that full faith and credit be given to the laws and judicial proceedings of all the states by all other states. That is, if a contract is signed in Arizona, one cannot simply move to Texas and the contract become null and void. The reason this clause can be a problem for those opposed to gay marriages is that some states are pushing to legalize or have legalized same-sex marriages or civil unions. The reason the national government cannot simply retain gay marriage illegal and thereby prevent the states from legalizing it is 1. No authority is given to the national government (legislative branch) to make such a law and 2. The rule would likely not pass in the house and the senate. If any state were to pass a law de claring same-sex marriage legal in that state, all other states would have to recognize the legality of that contract and the rights that went along with it. So thousands of homosexuals would flock to that state (be it Hawaii, or Vermont) to be married, then be legally married over in the United States.

Futurism :: essays research papers

During the first decade of the twentieth century, a group of materialisation Italian painters united together, under the influence of poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Before creating their new style, these painters embraced the ideas of Marinettis The Foundation and Manisfesto of Futurism which appeared in the newspaper Le Figaro on February 20, 1909 (Tisdall 7). His manifesto of futurism was primarily concern with peotry, but artists such as Boccioni, Balla, and Severini used his ideas and applied them to painting and sculpture.The Museum of Modern Art holds Umberto Boccionis Dynamism of a Soccer Player, 1913, a fine interpreter of the Futurist vision. In his Futurist Painting A Technical Manifesto, Boccioni tells us that the growing need of truth is no longer satisfied with Form and coloring as they have been understood hitherto. The gesture which we would reproduce on canvas shall no longer be a fixed moment in comprehensive dynamism. It shall be the dynamic sensation itself (Apollonio 27). This goal of creating the dynamic sensation itself, rather than simply a fixed moment within a dynamic do is exemplified, among other ideas of the Futurist thrust in Boccionis Dynamism of a Soccer Player. Before going further however, it is necessary to discuss some of the principles of Futurism as created by Marinetti.Marinettis The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism is a work which begins like a work of poetry, and deals with the celebration with the technology, the future, and the machine, while rejecting the natural world and the past. Marinetti despises the sounds created by canals rumble feeble prayers, and the creaking bones of sickly palaces, while he embraces the famished roar of automobiles (Apollonio 19-20). He orders us to shake the gates of life, and instead, test the bolts and hinges (Apollonio 20). To Marinetti, technology and the machine, such as the automobiles, are to be embraced and celebrated for its speed and beauty. No longer is a natural la ndscape beautiful, rather the worlds grandness has been enriched by a new beauty the beauty of speed. A racing car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is seen as more beautiful than any romantic painting (Apollonio 21).In addition to celebrating the machine, the Futurist movement represents a striding towards the future. This is accomplished by rejecting all of the past, even going as far as saying that it is harmful.

Futurism :: essays research papers

During the first decade of the twentieth century, a group of young Italian painters united together, under the influence of poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Before creating their new style, these painters embraced the ideas of Marinettis The Foundation and Manisfesto of Futurism which appeared in the newspaper Le Figaro on February 20, 1909 (Tisdall 7). His manifesto of futurism was primarily concerned with peotry, but artists such as Boccioni, Balla, and Severini used his ideas and applied them to painting and sculpture.The Museum of juvenile Art holds Umberto Boccionis Dynamism of a Soccer Player, 1913, a fine example of the Futurist vision. In his Futurist Painting A Technical Manifesto, Boccioni tells us that the growing need of truth is no longer satisfied with Form and Colour as they have been understood hitherto. The gesture which we would reproduce on consider shall no longer be a fixed moment in universal dynamism. It shall be the dynamic sensation itself (Apollonio 27). T his goal of creating the dynamic sensation itself, sooner than simply a fixed moment within a dynamic action is exemplified, among other ideas of the Futurist movement in Boccionis Dynamism of a Soccer Player. Before going further however, it is necessary to discuss some of the principles of Futurism as created by Marinetti.Marinettis The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism is a work which begins like a work of poetry, and deals with the celebration with the technology, the future, and the machine, while rejecting the natural world and the past. Marinetti despises the sounds created by canals muttering feeble prayers, and the creaking bones of sickly palaces, while he embraces the avid roar of automobiles (Apollonio 19-20). He orders us to shake the gates of life, and instead, test the bolts and hinges (Apollonio 20). To Marinetti, technology and the machine, such as the automobiles, are to be embraced and celebrated for its speed and beauty. No longer is a natural landscape beauti ful, rather the worlds magnificence has been enriched by a new beauty the beauty of speed. A rush car whose hood is adorned with great pipes, like serpents of explosive breath a roaring car that seems to ride on grapeshot is seen as more beautiful than any romantic painting (Apollonio 21).In addition to celebrating the machine, the Futurist movement represents a striding towards the future. This is accomplished by rejecting all of the past, even going as far as saying that it is harmful.

Job Satisfaction of Employees

There atomic number 18 two types of data collection method use in my project explanation. 1. aboriginal data 2. tributary data. In primary data the employees were approached directly to know their interest in the contrast and the rejoicing level being derived by them. Secondary data collection method was used by referring to various websites, books, magazines, journals and daily newspapers for collecting information regarding project under study. 02 03INTRODUCTION business gladness, a histrions sense of performance and success, is generally perceived to be directly linked to productivity as well as to personal wellbeing. avocation at iodinment implies doing a trading 1 enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for ones efforts. Job satisfaction further implies enthusiasm and happiness with ones surmount Job satisfaction pick ups how content an individual is with his or her vocation. The happier heap ar at bottom their chore, the more than well-prov ided they ar said to be.Job satisfaction is not the same as motivation, although it is clearly linked. Job design aims to enhance ruminate satisfaction and performance, methods include job rotation, job enlargement and job enrichment. Other influences on satisfaction include the management style and culture, employee involvement, empowerment and autonomous lick groups. Job satisfaction is a very important attribute which is frequently measured by organizations. The most common way of measurement is the use of rating scales where employees report their reactions to their jobs.Questions relate to rate of take over, work responsibilities, variety of line of works, advanceal opportunities the work itself and co- histrions. 04 For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to high gear quality performance. increase productivitythe quantity and quality of byput per hour workedseems to be a byproduct of improved quality of running(a) life. It is important to cite that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither conclusive nor consistent.However, studies dating back to Herzbergs (1957) put on shown at least pocket-size correlation coefficient between high morale and high productivity, and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers result tend to add more value to an organization. sorrowful employees, who argon motivated by fear of job loss, will not give 100 percent of their effort for very long. Though fear is a powerful motivator, it is overly a temporary one, and as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. If job satisfaction is a worker benefit, surely the worker must be able to contribute to his or her own satisfaction and well-being on the job.COMPANYPROFILE 05 Adidas is on the move and always has been It has had an intrepid history since it prototypic grew out of a family business in Herzogenaurach, Germany in the 1920s. Wi th the hostile separation of two brothers interests in the 1940s, nearly going bust in the 1980s and so executing two rescue operations, first by sending production offshore to Asia and then by reinventing itself into a design and merchandise company, Adidas has riden the waves of change in the sports goods sector both up and down.Alongside its own brands, it owned the Saloman ski and sportswear brand for nearly a decade and now includes the Reebok, Taylormade play and Rockport brands in its stable. Things be now definitely on track and, if the current marketing slogan, Impossible is Nothing, is anything to go by, the company is brimming with confidence. There ar now over 1000 Adidas stores around the world and, in the run up to the Beijing Olympics the company opened an reasonable of two stores a month in china. By 2010, the aim is to generate at least 30% of the groups revenues through controlled space.To keep its brand in the public centre Adidas has also sponsored spo rtsmen and women for many years. In 2008, 295 footballers, 64 rugby players, 71 tennis players, 24 basketball players and 8 players all benefited from its three stripe logo. cardinal of the first prominent endorsers of Adidas equipment was the Statesn running legend Jesse Owens, the gold medalist at the 1936 Summer Olympics. As well as sponsoring the Beijing Olympics Adidas is also supporting the 2012 Olympic Games in London in a deal worth around $200 million.Adidas Group sales grew robustly in all regions driven by the first-time inclusion of Reebok as well as laborious revenue increases at both adidas and TaylorMade-adidas Golf. Group sales in Europe grew 32% on a currency-neutral basis. This represents an improvement of 31% in euro terms to 4. 162 zillion in 2006 from 3. 166 billion in the prior year. Currency-neutral sales in Europe for the adidas Group excluding Reebok increased 8% due to adidas strongest growth in three years. In euro terms, this represents an increase of 7% to 3. 90 billion in 2006 from 3. 166 billion in the prior year. In northward America, Group sales increased 107% on a currency-neutral basis. In euro terms, sales also grew 107% to 3. 234 billion in 2006 from 1. 561 billion in 2005. Currency-neutral sales in brotherhood America for the adidas Group excluding Reebok increased 14% driven by double-digit growth rates at both adidas and TaylorMade-adidas Golf. In euro terms, revenues increased 13% to 1. 768 billion in 2006 from 1. 561 billion in the prior year.gross revenue for the adidas Group in Asia increased 35% on a currency-neutral basis. In euro terms, revenues in Asia grew 33% to 2. 020 billion in 2006 from 1. 523 billion in 2005. Currency-neutral sales in Asia for the adidas Group excluding Reebok increased 20% during the period, primarily driven by strong growth at brand adidas. This marks the triplet consecutive year of double-digit underlying growth for our Group in the region. In euro terms, revenues grew 18 % to 1. 791 billion in 2006 from 1. 23 billion in the prior year. In Latin America, currency-neutral sales increased 53%. In euro terms, sales grew 56% to 499 million in 2006 from 319 million in 2005. Currency-neutral sales in Latin America for the adidas Group excluding Reebok increased 31% in 2006. This represents the highest regional growth within the Group as a result of continued strong development of the adidas brand. In euro terms, sales increased 35% to 429 million from 319 million in the prior year. pic COMPANY NAME ADIDAS COUNTRY / ORIGIN GERMANY ADDRESS / HEADQUARTERS HERZOGENAURACH SPORTS WEAR & attention SPORTS GOODS FOOTWEAR PRODUCTS ACCESSORIES SPORTS WEAR NO.OF EMLOYEES 31,344(2007) REVENUE 10. 299 BILLION ( $ 15. 6 BILLION ) CEO HERBERT HAINER Financial data in millions of euros3 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2002 3,200 1,960 1,166 163 6,523 2003 3,365 1,562 1,116 179 6,267 20042) 3,068 1,332 1,192 224 5,860 20052) 3,166 1,561 1,523 319 6,636 20063) 4,162 3,234 2,020 499 10,084 1) Including HQ/Consolidation. 2) Figures reflect continuing operations as a result of the divestiture of the Salomon business segment. 3) Including Reebok business segment from February 1, 2006 onwards, excluding Greg Norman wholesale business from December 1, 2006 onwards. Net Sales in millions pic Net Sales by Segment1) pic Gross Profit in millions pic Operating Expenses in millions pic Operating Expenses in mililons pic Net Financial Expenses in millions pic Income Before Taxes in millions pic Net Income ascribable to Shargonholders in millions pic OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECTThe topic of my project is JOB SATISFACTION OF EMPLOYEES WORKING IN ADIDAS in INDIA. This includes the following Objectives To find out total employees working in ADIDAS in INDIA. To analyze the employment strategy of ADIDAS. To analyze the most effective media of promotion. To analyze the satisfaction level being derived by the em ployees of ADIDAS. To ac increase expectations of employees. To find out response of the employees to change in any strategy/production methodology/ by the company. To ascertain the growth opportunity of employees. PROJECT DETAILS History One of the biggest preludes to the study of job satisfaction was the Hawthorne studies.These studies (1924-1933), primarily credited to Elton Mayo of the Harvard Business School, sought to find the effects of various conditions (most notably illumination) on workers productivity. These studies ultimately showed that sweet changes in work conditions temporarily increase productivity (called the Hawthorne Effect). It was later found that this increase resulted, not from the new conditions, but from the knowledge of being observed. This finding provided strong evidence that people work for purposes other than pay, which paved the way for researchers to investigate other factors in job satisfaction. Scientific management (aka Taylorism) also had a meaningful impact on the study of job satisfaction.Frederick Winslow Taylors 1911 book, Principles of Scientific Management, argued that there was a single best way to perform any given work task. This book contributed to a change in industrial production philosophies, causing a shift from skilled labor and dapplework towards the more modern approach of fictionalisation lines and hourly wages. The initial use of scientific management by industries greatly increased productivity because workers were forced to work at a faster pace. However, workers became wear and dissatisfied, thus leaving researchers with new questions to answer regarding job satisfaction. It should also be noted that the work of W. L. Bryan, Walter Dill Scott, and Hugo Munsterberg set the tone for Taylors work.Some argue that Maslows hierarchy of call for theory, a motivation theory, laid the foundation for job satisfaction theory. This theory explains that people seek to satisfy pentad specific needs in li fe physiological needs, safety needs, societal needs, self-esteem needs, and self-actualization. This model served as a good basis from which early researchers could develop job satisfaction theories. Models of job satisfaction Affect Theory Edwin A. Lockes Range of Affect Theory (1976) is arguably the most famous job satisfaction model. The briny infix of this theory is that satisfaction is determined by a discrepancy between what one wants in a job and what one has in a job.Further, the theory states that how such(prenominal) one values a given facet of work (e. g. the degree of autonomy in a position) moderates how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations atomic number 18/arent met. When a person values a particular facet of a job, his satisfaction is more greatly impacted both positively (when expectations are met) and negatively (when expectations are not met), compared to one who doesnt value that facet. To illustrate, if Employee A values autonomy in the work place and Employee B is indifferent about autonomy, then Employee A would be more satisfied in a position that offers a high degree of autonomy and less(prenominal) satisfied in a position with little or no autonomy compared to Employee B.This theory also states that too much of a particular facet will produce stronger feelings of dissatisfaction the more a worker values that facet. Dispositional Theory Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theorycitation needed. It is a very general theory that suggests that people construct innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of ones job. This approach became a notable explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels of job satisfaction.A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theor y was the Core Self-evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four Core Self-evaluations that determine ones disposition towards job satisfaction self-esteem, general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of self-esteem (the value one places on his self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in ones own competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an essential locus of control (believing one has control over herhis own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job satisfaction.Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction. devil-Factor Theory (Motivator-Hygiene Theory) Frederick Herzbergs Two factor theory (also known as Motivator Hygiene Theory) attempts to explain satisfaction and motivation in the workplace. This theory states that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are driven by different factors motivation and hygiene factors, res pectively. Motivating factors are those aspects of the job that make people want to perform, and provide people with satisfaction, for subject achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities. These motivating factors are considered to be intrinsic to the job, or the work carried out.Hygiene factors include aspects of the working environs such as pay, company policies, supervisory practices, and other working conditions. While Hertzbergs model has stimulated much research, researchers have been unable to reliably empirically prove the model, with Hackman Oldham suggesting that Hertzbergs original formulation of the model may have been a methodological artifact. Furthermore, the theory does not consider individual differences, conversely predicting all employees will react in an identical manner to changes in motivating/hygiene factors. Finally, the model has been criticised in that it does not specify how motivating/hygiene factors are to be measured. Job Characteristics ModelHackman & Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, which is widely used as a modeling to study how particular job characteristics impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction. The model states that there are five load job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which impact three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work motivation, etc. ). The five core job characteristics can be combined to form a motivating potential score (MPS) for a job, which can be used as an magnate of how likely a job is to affect an employees attitudes and behaviors-.A meta-analysis of studies that assess the framework of the model provides both(prenominal) support for the validity of the JCM. Measuring job satisfaction There are many methods for measuring job satisfactio n. By far, the most common method for collecting data regarding job satisfaction is the Likert scale (named after Rensis Likert). Other less common methods of for gauging job satisfaction include Yes/No questions, True/False questions, point systems, checklists, and forced choice answers. This data is typically collected using an endeavor Feedback Management (EFM) system. The Job Descriptive Index (JDI), created by Smith, Kendall, Hulin (1969), is a specific questionnaire of job satisfaction that has been widely used.It measures ones satisfaction in five facets pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself. The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or cant decide (indicated by ? ) in response to whether given statements accurately describe ones job. The Job in General Index is an overall measurement of job satisfaction. It is an improvement to the Job Descriptive Index because the JDI focuses too much on individual facets a nd not enough on work satisfaction in general. Other job satisfaction questionnaires include the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), the Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), and the Faces Scale.The MSQ measures job satisfaction in 20 facets and has a long form with 100 questions (five items from each facet) and a short form with 20 questions (one item from each facet). The JSS is a 36 item questionnaire that measures nine facets of job satisfaction. Finally, the Faces Scale of job satisfaction, one of the first scales used widely, measured overall job satisfaction with just one item which participants respond to by choosing a face. Job satisfaction and senses Mood and emotions time working are the raw materials which cumulate to form the affective element of job satisfaction. (Weiss and Cropanzano, 1996). Moods tend to be longer lasting but often weaker states of uncertain origin, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause.There is almos t evidence in the literature that state moods are related to overall job satisfaction. Positive and negative emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction Frequency of experiencing net positive emotion will be a better predictor of overall job satisfaction than will intensity of positive emotion when it is experienced Emotion regulation and emotion labor are also related to job satisfaction. Emotion work (or emotion management) refers to various efforts to manage emotional states and displays. Emotion regulation includes all of the sure and unconscious efforts to increase, maintain, or decrease one or more components of an emotion.Although early studies of the consequences of emotional labor emphasized its harmful effects on workers, studies of workers in a variety of occupations suggest that the consequences of emotional labor are not uniformly negative. It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the ampli fication of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction. The understanding of how emotion regulation relates to job satisfaction concerns two models 1. emotional dissonance. Emotional dissonance is a state of discrepancy between public displays of emotions and internal experiences of emotions, that often follows the process of emotion regulation . Emotional dissonance is associated with high emotional exhaustion, low organisational commitment, and low job satisfaction. 2.Social interaction model. Taking the social interaction perspective, workers emotion regulation readiness beget responses from others during interpersonal encounters that subsequently impact their own job satisfaction. For example The accumulation of favorable responses to displays of pleasant emotions might positively affect job satisfaction . performance of emotional labor that produces desired outcomes could increase job satisfaction. Relationships and practical implications Job Satisfaction can be an important indicator of how employees feel about their jobs and a predictor of work behaviours such as organizational citizenship, absenteeism, and turnover.Further, job satisfaction can partially intermediate the relationship of personality variables and deviant work behaviors. One common research finding is that job satisfaction is correlated with life satisfaction. This correlation is reciprocal, meaning people who are satisfied with life tend to be satisfied with their job and people who are satisfied with their job tend to be satisfied with life. However, some research has found that job satisfaction is not significantly related to life satisfaction when other variables such as nonwork satisfaction and core self-evaluations are taken into account. An important finding for organizations to note is that job satisfaction has a preferably tenuous correlation to productivity on the job.This is a vital piece of information to researchers and businesses, as the idea that satisfaction and job performance are directly related to one another is often cited in the media and in some non-academic management literature. A recent meta-analysis found an average uncorrected correlation between job satisfaction and productivity to be r=. 18 the average true correlation, corrected for research artifacts and unreliability, was r=. 30. Further, the meta-analysis found that the relationship between satisfaction and performance can be moderated by job complexity, such that for high-complexity jobs the correlation between satisfaction and performance is higher (? =. 52) than for jobs of low to moderate complexity (? =. 29).In short, the relationship of satisfaction to productivity is not necessarily straightforward and can be influenced by a number of other work-related constructs, and the notion that a happy worker is a productive worker should not be the foundation of organizational decision-making. With regard to job performance, employee personality may be more important than job sa tisfaction. The link between job satisfaction and performance is thought to be a spurious relationship instead, both satisfaction and performance are the result of personality. Importance to Worker and Organization Frequently, work underlies self-esteem and identity while unemployment lowers self-worth and produces anxiety.At the same time, monotonous jobs can erode a workers initiative and enthusiasm and can lead to absenteeism and unnecessary turnover. Job satisfaction and occupational success are major factors in personal satisfaction, self-respect, self-esteem, and self-development. To the worker, job satisfaction brings a pleasurable emotional state that often leads to a positive work attitude. A satisfied worker is more likely to be creative, flexible, innovative, and loyal. For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to high quality performance. Increased productivitythe quantity and quality of output per hour worke dseems to be a byproduct of improved quality of working life.It is important to note that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither conclusive nor consistent. However, studies dating back to Herzbergs (1957) have shown at least low correlation between high morale and high productivity, and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will tend to add more value to an organization. Unhappy employees, who are motivated by fear of job loss, will not give 100 percent of their effort for very long. Though fear is a powerful motivator, it is also a temporary one, and as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. Workers Roles in Job SatisfactionIf job satisfaction is a worker benefit, surely the worker must be able to contribute to his or her own satisfaction and well-being on the job. The following suggestions can help a worker find personal job satisfaction Seek opportunities to demonstrate skills and talents. This often lea ds to more challenging work and greater responsibilities, with attendant increases in pay and other recognition. Develop excellent communication skills. Employers value and reward excellent reading, listening, writing, and speaking skills. Know more. Acquire new job-related knowledge that helps you to perform tasks more efficiently and effectively. This will relieve boredom and often gets one noticed. Demonstrate creativity and initiative.Qualities like these are valued by most organizations and often result in recognition as well as in increased responsibilities and rewards. Develop teamwork and people skills. A large part of job success is the ability to work well with others to get the job done. Accept the diversity in people. Accept people with their differences and their imperfections and learn how to give and receive criticism constructively. See the value in your work. Appreciating the significance of what one does can lead to satisfaction with the work itself. This he lps to give meaning to ones existence, thus playing a vital role in job satisfaction. Learn to de-stress. Plan to avoid burnout by developing healthy stress-management techniques. Assuring Job SatisfactionAssuring job satisfaction, over the longterm, requires careful planning and effort both by management and by workers. Managers are encouraged to consider such theories as Herzbergs(1957) and Maslows (1943) Creating a good blend of factors that contribute to a stimulating, challenging, supportive, and rewarding work environment is vital. Because of the relative prominence of pay in the reward system, it is very important that salaries be tied to job responsibilities and that pay increases be tied to performance rather than seniority. So, in essence, job satisfaction is a product of the events and conditions that people experience on their jobs.Brief (1998) wrote If a persons work is interesting, her pay is fair, her promotional opportunities are good, her supervisor is supportive, and her coworkers are friendly, then a situational approach leads one to predict she is satisfied with her job (p. 91). Very simply put, if the pleasures associated with ones job outweigh the pains, there is some level of job satisfaction. INTERPRETATION While doing my project and looking into the company profile of ADIDAS I came across certain facts and figures. COMPETITORS IN MARKET ADIDAS is a manufacturer of sports wears and sports goods. The main adversary of ADIDAS is NIKE which also manufactures sports goods and sports products.Few years earlier REEBOK was also a competitor, but ADIDAS took over the company and became the worlds largest sports wear and sports goods Production Company. Other competitors of ADIDAS are AMER SPORTS and ROSSIGNOL AMER SPORTS is company that was established in 1950 in Finland portfolio of sports brands including Wilson, Atomic, Suunto, Precor and Salomon. They manufacture athletic shoes, sports and fitness equipments. ROSSIGNOL is a company that produces equipments for snowboarding, ice-skating and other apparel products. They even manufacture ski boots, bindings, poles, hats, and gloves, as well as golf equipment via its Roger Cleveland Golf subsidiary. It even started giving sponsorship to various sports teams in all kinds of games all over the world.MARKET STAKE ADIDAS 36 % NIKE 24 % AMER SPORTS 21 % ROSSIGNOL 19 % pic HUGE FAMILY On December 31, 2007, the Group had 31,344 employees, which represents an increase of 19% versus the previous years level of 26,376. This development is primarily related to new employees in the adidas segment in emerging markets as well as own-retail activities. pic EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN ADIDAS ( AS DISCUSSED WITH THE HEAD OF GREEN PARK MARKET, DELHI BRANCH. HIS COMMENTS ON EMPLOYMENT GROWTH atomic number 18 AS FOLLOWS )The development of our employee numbers varied significantly from a brand perspective. The number of employees at the adidas brand increased 25% to 18,678 at the end of 200 7 (2006 14,906), mainly driven by the brands strong expansion, especially in own retail and in the emerging markets of Eastern Europe (e. g. Russia), Asia and Latin America. ply at Reebok declined 11%, attributable to a shift in the workforce to the Group functions and adidas brand as well as the elimination of duplicative positions. Hence, the Reebok segment comprised 6,751 employees at year-end (2006 7,545). At TaylorMade-adidas Golf, the number of employees increased by 2% to 1,393 (2006 1,368).The number of employees working in our Group functions increased sharply by 77% to 4,522 (2006 2,552). The main reason for this development was the expansion of the Sports Licensed Division to a cross-brand corporate license department, including licensed products from brand adidas (e. g. NBA jerseys) and Reebok (e. g. NHL and NFL jerseys). Excluding this effect, employment within our Group functions increased 23%. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES 1) pic 1) At year-end. 2) Figures reflect continuin g operations as a result of the divestiture of the Salomon business segment. 3) Including Reebok business. GLOBAL MOBILITY ACTIVELY PROMOTED employees work at more than cl locations around the world. They actively encourage global mobility and offer thier employees the opportunity to go on international assignments. At the end of 2007, 47% of their staff was employed in Europe (2006 42%), 31% in North America (2006 35%), 18% in Asia (2006 19%) and 4% in Latin America (2006 4%).To support relocating professionals and their families in new living and working environments, they provide, for example, relevant language and cultural training EMPLOYEES BY REGION pic RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMEMT Research and development within the adidas Group is organized in a decentralized structure, i. e. each brand separately runs its own research, design and development activities, with major locations in several countries. To maximise efficiency, our brand teams collaborate closely, sharing fun damental and biomechanical research as well as existing technologies.In 2007, we incorporated a last from a version of the adidas marauder football boot into Reeboks new Sprintfit product. This transfer of basic football know-how highlights the type of technology sharing we strive to promote within the Group. Another example of intra-Group know-how transfer is the incorporation of adidas TORSION technology throughout a current collection of Rockport footwear ADIDAS GROUP R & D STRUCTURE pic VAST bulk OF PRODUCTION OUTSOURCED To minimize production costs, adidas outsource over 95% of production to independent third-party manufacturers, primarily located in Asia.These suppliers possess excellent expertise in cost-efficient mass production of footwear, apparel and accessories. adidas provide them with detailed specifications for production and delivery. However, our Group also operates own production and assembly sites in Germany (1), Sweden (1), Finland (1), the USA (4), Canada (5 ), China (1) and Japan (1). In order to ensure the high quality consumers expect from our products, adidas enforces strict control and inspection procedures at our suppliers and in our own factories. In addition, adidas promotes chemical bond to social and environmental standards throughout our supply chain FINDINGS ADIDAS ltd. Has over 1173 branches all over India.

Rhetorical Analysis of an Argument

Jordan Sands Jaimie Young ENG 101 23 January 2013 Rhetorical Analysis of an lineage The Direct TV commercial Dont attend your own funeral focuses on the quality of service, and the node service of habitue blood line in simile to Direct TV. From the beginning scene and progression of the commercial, its implied that cable service is bad, causing customers to convey someone to come fix the service. This would trigger a orbit of events, outrageously resulting in having to fake a funeral. As unbelievable and unrealistic as the claim may seem, the auditory modality has been addressed with a sense of mentality which makes the claim effective.The commercial starts out with an average Joe at home sitting in front of his TV. You place tell by the scene, he lives in a small apartment, appears to be single, and is aged between 20 and 30 years old. This situation would apply to a majority of the consultation/people seeing this commercial. The TV has a gray screen, and the commercial i s introduced as, When you wait forever for the cable shout, you get bored. This gives the audience the idea that cable service is bad, and doesnt work therefore you would need a technician to come fix it.This would be considered an audience appeal in a more ethical way it gives Direct TV the credibility regular cable doesnt have, and is being stripped of in this commercial. As claimed, when someone gets bored while waiting, they look outside and see things they shouldnt see, which is present in the commercial as two men putting a large plastic bag into the back of a car. You can tell by the mens reactions that Joe was in trouble. The next scene is Joe in his room, which is very plainly decorated, and small. The entire lay out of his house is dull, and doesnt draw attending at all.When noticing this, its also shown that Joe is very plainly dressed as well he has muted-colored casual business attire on. This gives the impression that if someone has cable, their support is normal and almost boring life would be so much more vibrant and convenient with Direct TV. Joe is seen frantically putting things into a base because he needs to vanish. That escalates into him swimming away from a burning boat, and the announcers explanation is that he needed to fake his own death in enact to vanish. After that, Joe is forced to dye his eyebrows in order to live a double life.Meaning for the audience if you dont have Direct TV, you need a new life. This is one of the underlining assumptions that things are tied together- or the warrant. The last time we see Joe, he is sitting in the back of a funeral service. His entire expression has changed he looks much older, has glasses on and he has white hair, eyebrows, and a mustache. Everyone in the crowd is crying, looking down, etc. This gives the audience the emotional aspect of the evidence, connecting them to the situation. Joe is retentiveness his head down as the announcer says, And when you dye your eyebrows, you atte nd your own funeral as a guy named Phil Shifley.Dont attend your own funeral as a guy named Phil Shifley. In other words, dont go by all of this trouble in result of having regular cable, and switch to Direct TV. This same advice is given over through a more straight forward approach by saying Get rid of cable. Another warrant would be, getting rid of cable will get rid of all these outrageous problems that cable may and will cause. The audience can appreciate the humor of the idea that obviously things wouldnt actually escalate like in the commercial just because of your TV service.The idea of this chain of events being connected to not having Direct TV would be the warrant. The audience is also showed a price of the service starting at $29. 99 a month, making it seem as if its an easy fix. The prices would be considered a logical audience appeal cheap prices are always an eye grabber. As far as a stretch as it is, the audience successfully gets the idea that regular cable is n ot worth having. When its not working, it takes a long time for the customer service to come through leaving the customer without a TV. This leads to the question, Why pay more for something that doesnt work? when shown seemingly cheap prices for Direct TVs more reliable, customer friendly service. When the audience is given a person to relate to the average Joe, and a situation to connect to TV trouble and a normal life, it makes it easier for the audience to put themselves into Joes position. When trying to sell a product, one of the key points is to paint a picture for the customer show them why they need something and how it can better their lives. Making the customer laugh lightens the mood. All of these points have been met in this commercial, so it would be considered effective.

Activity Based Costing – Essay 4

subject area Gateway series Activity found monetary valueing Activity base cost take Gateway Series No. 1 1 Prepared by Stephanie Edwards and Technical Information Service Revised November 2008 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing About Topic Gateways Topic Gateways are intended as a refresher or introduction to topics of interest to CIMA members. They include a basic definition, a brief overview and a fuller explanation of practical application. Finally they signpost some further resources for detailed understanding and research.Topic Gateways are available electronically to CIMA Members only in the CPD Centre on the CIMA website, along with a number of electronic resources. About the Technical Information Service CIMA supports its members and students with its Technical Information Service (TIS) for their work and CPD needs. Our education specialists and accounting specialists work closely together to identify or create authoritative resources to help members resolve their work related information needs.Additionally, our accounting specialists keep help CIMA members and students with the interpretation of guidance on financial reporting, financial counselling and performance management, as defined in the CIMA Official Terminology 2005 edition. CIMA members and students should sign into My CIMA to penetration these service and resources. The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 26 Chapter Street London SW1P 4NP United Kingdom T. +44 (0)20 8849 2259 F. +44 (0)20 8849 2468 E. emailprotected com www. cimaglobal. com 2 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Activity ground appealDefinition and concept An approach to the greeting and monitoring of activities which involves tracing resource consumption and cost final outputs. Resources are assigned to activities, and activities to cost objects based on consumption estimates. The latter utilise cost drivers to attach exertion be to outputs. CIMA Official Terminology, 2005 A deve lopment of the principles of activity based costing ( alphabet) is activity based management (antiballistic missile). Operational ABM is defined as Actions, based on activity driver analysis, that increase efficiency, lower cost and/or improve asset utilisation. CIMA Official Terminology, 2005 Strategic ABM is defined as Actions, based on activity based cost analysis, that aim to change the demand for activities so as to improve profitability. CIMA Official Terminology, 2005 The main focus of this topic gateway is ABC. However, the development of ABC into ABM will be discussed further under Application. Context In the current syllabus, CIMA students will learn and may be examined on this topic in idea P1, Management Accounting Performance Evaluation, Chapter 8, Developments in management accounting, and Paper P2, Management Accounting Decision Management, Chapter 10, Activity based approaches.Study systems for these papers are available from CIMA Publishing. Related concepts Activ ity based management activity based budgeting time driven activity based costing. Alternative approaches Traditional costing approaches. 3 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Overview The concept of ABC was first defined in the late 1980s by Robert Kaplan and William Burns. Initially ABC focused on manufacturing industry where technological developments and productivity improvements had shrivel upd the proportion of direct labour and material be, but increased the proportion of indirect or strike costs.Comparison of traditional costing and ABC The traditional method of costing relied on the arbitrary addition of a proportion of overhead costs on to direct costs to attain a total product cost. The traditional approach to cost allocation relies on three basic steps. 1. roll up costs at bottom a production or non-production department. 2. Allocate non-production costs to production departments. 3. Allocate the resulting production department costs to various products, ser ve or customers. This type of costing system usually allocates costs based on a single volume measure, such as direct labour hours or machine hours.While using such a simplistic volume measure to allocate overheads as an overall cost driver, this approach seldom meets the cause-and-effect criteria craved in accurate cost allocation. This method of costing has become increasing inaccurate as the relative proportion of overhead costs has risen. This distortion of costs can result in in bewitch decision devising. ABC is therefore an alternative approach to the traditional method or arbitrary allocation of overheads to product, services and customers. Stage 1. Activity cost pools Material Handling Stage 1.Activity cost pools Cost per material movement OVERHEAD COSTS Procurement Cost per purchase order Product lines Set-up Cost per set-up Figure 1. Framework of activity based costing 4 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Application In contrast to traditional cost accounting sys tems, ABC systems first accumulate overheads for each organisational activity. They then assign the costs of these activities to products, services or customers (referred to as cost objects) causing that activity. The initial activity analysis is clearly the most difficult aspect of ABC.Activity analysis is the process of identifying appropriate output measures of activities and resources (cost drivers) and their effects on the costs of making a product or providing a service. ABC systems have the flexibility to provide special reports so that management can take decisions near the costs of designing, selling and delivering a product or service. The key aspect is that ABC focuses on accumulating costs via activities, whereas traditional cost allocation focuses on accumulating costs inwardly functional areas. The main advantage ofABC is that it minimises or avoids distortions on product costs that might buy the farm from arbitrary allocation of overhead costs. Steps in development of an ABC System ABC uses cost drivers to assign the costs of resources to activities and unit cost as a way of measuring an output. There are four steps to implementing ABC. 1. recognize activities The organisation needs to undertake an in-depth analysis of the operating processes of each certificate of indebtedness centre. Each process might consist of one or more activities required to produce an output. 2.Assign resource costs to activities This involves tracing costs to cost objects to determine why the cost occurred. Costs can be categorised in three ways i. Direct costs that can be traced forthwith to one output. For example, the wood and paint that it takes to unsex a chair. Indirect costs that can non be allocated to an individual output, that is, they benefit two or more outputs, but not all outputs. For example, maintenance costs or storage costs. ii. 5 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing iii. General/administration costs that cannot be associated with ea ch product or service.These costs are likely to remain unchanged, whatever output is produced. For example, salaries of administration staff, security costs or depreciation. 3. Identify outputs Identify all of the output for which an activity segment performs activities and consumes resources. Outputs might be products, services or customers. 4. Assign activity costs to outputs This is done using activity drivers. Activity drivers assign activity costs to outputs (cost objects) based on the consumption or demand for activities. ABC in practiceABC activities have been most for nearly 20 years and many companies in a variety of sectors have implemented activity based thinking. ABC and ABM have brought some radical changes in cost management systems. The principles and philosophies of activity based thinking apply equally to service companies, government agencies, process and manufacturing industries. Management practices and methods have changed over the last decade and will continu e to change. Organisations have moved from managing vertically to managing horizontally.There has also been a move from a function orientation to a process orientation. However, management information systems to track and provide information about the horizontal aspects of business have lagged significantly behind managers needs. ABC and ABM postulate this information gap by providing cost and operation information that mirrors a horizontal view. ABC focuses on accurate information about the true cost of products, services, processes, activities and customers. Using ABC, organisations gain a thorough understanding of their business processes and cost behaviour during ABC analysis.Management then applies this insight to improve decision making at operating and strategic levels. This is then known as ABM. Simply, ABM is ABC in action. 6 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Better management activity based costing survey how ABC is used in the organisation This detailed study o f how organisations are lots applying ABC can be found on the BetterManagement. com website (to access this study you must register, and then click on the link to activity based management in the top left hand corner of the home page). getable from www. bettermanagement. om Accessed 4 November 2008 The study was carried out in July 2005 to determine the state of ABC within over 500 organisations across numerous industries of different sizes and locations. It provides a useful and interesting insight into how ABC is used in organisations. Reported benefits ABC provides a more accurate method of costing of products and services. It allows for a better and more comprehensive understanding of overheads and what causes them to occur. It makes costly and non-value adding activities more visible, so allowing managers to focus on these areas to reduce or eliminate them.It supports other management techniques such as continuous improvement, scorecards and performance management. Report ed drawbacks ABC can be difficult and time consuming to collect the data about activities and cost drivers. It can be costly to implement, run and manage an ABC system. Even in ABC some overhead costs are difficult to assign to products and customers. These costs still have to be arbitrarily applied to products and customers. Case studies Technical Matters Activity-based costing. (PDF 99KB).This article, published in fiscal Management (March 2005), provides a case study of implementation of an activity based costing system in the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). Available from www. cimaglobal. com/financialmanagement Accessed 8 November 2007. 7 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing The Value Creation free radical website provides a comprehensive range of examples of case studies within different sectors where ABC has been implemented, including financial services and social services. Available from www. valuecreationgroup. com Accessed 4 November 2008 ReferencesBarrett, R. Getting a better view of business with activity based costing. CIMA Insight, February 2005. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/insight Accessed 4 November 2008. CIMA Technical Services. (2001). Activity-based management an overview. (PDF 69KB). CIMA Technical Briefing. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/technicalreports Accessed 4 November 2008. Friedman, A. L. and Lyne, S. R. (1995). Activity-based techniques the real life consequences. London CIMA Publishing. Further information Articles Full text from personal credit line Source Corporate through My CIMA www. cimaglobal. om/mycima Accessed 4 November 2008 Allott, A. Activity Based Management can work for your company. CIMA Insight, January 2004. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/insight Accessed 4 November 2008. Barrett, R. How ABC can make shared services work. CIMA Insight, March 2005. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/insight Accessed 4 November 2008. Barrett, R. Get a better view of business with activity-based cos ting. CIMA Insight, February 2005. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/insight Accessed 4 November 2008. Cleland, K. As easy as CBA? Financial Management, September 2004, pp 28-32 Available from www. imaglobal. com/financialmanagement 8 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Accessed 4 November 2008. Johnson, B. and Glad, E. Spring fearful or dead lunch? Chartered Accountants Journal, March 2006, Volume 85, hold out 2, pp 35-36 Kaplan, R. S. and Anderson, S. R. Time-driven activity-based costing. Harvard Business Review, November 2004, Volume 82, Issue 11, p. 131 Larson, P. and Kerr, S. Integration of process management tools to support TQM implementation ISO 9000 and activity-based costing. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, January-March 2007, Volume 18, Issue 1-2, pp 201-207 Leahy, T.Where are you on the ABC learning stoop? Business Finance, December 2004, Volume 10, Issue 12, p. 47 Liu, L. Activity-based costing. Financial Management, March 2005, pp 25-29 Ma x, M. Leveraging process documentation for time-driven activity based costing. Journal of Performance Management, November 2007, Volume 20, Issue 3, pp 16-28 Meelah, R. and Ibraham, D. N. Factors influencing activity based costing (ABC) adoption in manufacturing industry. Investment Management & Financial Innovations, 2007, Volume 4, Issue 2, pp 113-124 Plowman, B. Activity based management driving profitability.Accountancy Ireland, April 2007, Volume 39, Issue 2, pp 23-25 schema only from Business Source Corporate through My CIMA www. cimaglobal. com/mycima Accessed 4 November 2008 Sandison, D. , Hansen, S. C. and Torok, R. G. Activity-based planning and budgeting a new approach. Journal of Cost Management, March/April 2003, pp 16-22 Liu, L. Activity-based costing. Financial Management, March 2005, p. 29 Available from www. cimaglobal. com/financialmanagement Accessed 4 November 2008. The competitive advantage of management accounting. Journal of Management Accounting search, 200 6, Volume 18, pp 127-135Books Friedman, A. and Lyne, S. Success and failure of activity-based techniques a long-term perspective. London CIMA Publishing. (CIMA Research Series) 9 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Hansen, D. and Mowen, M. (2006). Cost management accounting and control. Mason, OH London Thomson/South-Western Kaplan, R. and Anderson, S. (2007). Time-driven activity-based costing a simpler and more strong path to higher profits. Boston, MA Harvard Business School Turney, P. (2005). Common cents how to succeed with activity-based costing and activity-based management.New York London McGraw-Hill CIMA Publications CIMA Technical Services. (2001). Activity-based management an overview. (PDF 69KB). CIMA Technical Briefing. Available from www. cimaglobal. com/technicalreports Accessed 4 November 2008. Websites University of Pittsburgh Introduction to ABC An online presentation on ABC, by Narcyz Roztocki of Pittsburgh University. Includes links to further sources o f information on ABC. Available from http//digbig. com/4xtmc Accessed 4 November 2008 The Activity Based Costing entre Global community portal explaining all aspects of Activity Based Costing.Available from www. offtech. com. au/abc/Home. asp Accessed 23 March 2009 The Value Creation Group Activity Based Costing Gateway site on Activity Based Costing. Available from http//digbig. com/4xtmg Accessed 4 November 2008 Where are you on the ABC learning curve? An article by Tad Leahy in Business Finance Magazine. Business Finance Magazine and ALG Software recently surveyed more than 250 finance executives from companies of all sizes and types about the scope and current status of their organisations ABC efforts.Available from www. businessfinancemag. com Accessed 4 November 2008 10 Topic Gateway Series Activity Based Costing Bain and Companys 2005 Management Tools and Trends Survey. Shows that usage of ABM is slightly below the mean, but satisfaction with it is considerably below the me an. Available from http//digbig. com/4xtmk Accessed 4 November 2008 Copyright CIMA 2006 First published in 2006 by The Chartered Institute of Management Accountants 26 Chapter Street London SW1P 4NP United Kingdom Printed in Great BritainNo responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication can be accepted by the authors or the publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means method or device, electronic (whether now or hereafter known or developed), mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the prior 11 permission of the publishers. Permission requests should be submitted to CIMA at emailprotected com

“Conyo Talk”: The Affirmation Of Hybrid Identity And Power In Contemporary Philippine Discource Essay

I. STATEMENT OF PROBLEMThis study is conducted to find out the current status of the conyo chew up in the Philippines. The study specifically answers and defines the following questions1. Origin and score of conyo remonstrate in the Philippines2. How does conyo talk affects the Filipino parliamentary law?3. Is conyo talk a part of our culture or not?4. Why is conyo existence discriminated?5. Why do Filipinos love to mix languages?II. HYPOTHESISNo stated hypothesis in the study.III. RESEARCH METHODThe researcher used historical research method to essay the olden events in order to identify the origin and definition of unfamiliar terms. This method also athletic supportered the researcher to broaden their experiences. It aims to determine the past(a) eents in qualification the research possible.Acoording to Good and Scates (1972), the divisions of sources of historical research be the documents which report of events which be composed of impressions made on some human brain by past events and the remains of relics which are physical objects or written materials of historical value and produced without deliberately aiming to repair information. With these divisions of sources, the researcher were able to know more about the subjects past conditions that can be used for the study.IV. CONCLUSION AND FINDINGSConyo talk is a ethnical identification where its speakers can be described as having a profound ethnical ambivalence. Conyo speakers use it not spontaneously, like in situations of code switching, but intentionally to demarcate their own space. This type of discourse is clearly used as a strategy to give the impression of being privileged companionablely andeconomically. The switching between languages clearly conveys the multiple and complementary identities its speakers construct for themselves. They have created a companionable community taking on the role of stereotype images of Spaniards or Americans that exist in the Philippine popular imag ination adding local color to their everyday discourse. They expire with other conyo speakers directly, without the need of explanations. Discussions on why conyo talk exists have gone beyond face-to-face everyday conversation. Conyo speakers have created an effective space through the help of Internet where anyone from anywhere can join in. And space is fundamental in any form of bureau of communal life (Foucault 2000, p. 361).The Philippine linguistic and pagan phenomenon coo talk (a mix of predominantly Spanish and English with tagalog) is a type of discourse that purportedly identifies and differentiates people of power from the common masses, and arose from the impact of Spanish and American colonization. Due to steady linguistic influences, resulting from contacts with different peoples and cultures, a word or a phrase may take on other meaning among a given group of people, entirely different from its original significance, where a meeting of cultures in the intercultural sphere results in irreversible intra-cultural changes (Mey 2007, p. 171). In the last-place decade, it has become the solution to problems of intercommunication where some Filipinos draw on the languages they know and tailor them for their specific shifting communicative needs.Conyo talk became an emulation of how English and/or Spanish speakers talked to native Filipinos a sentence in English and/or Spanish with some Filipino words. In time, it has become a stance among the spunk caste and the preferred means of communicating with others and establishing potential relationships. In conclusion, this study reflects the contradictory and shifting positions and boundaries of some Filipinos due to lack of confidence in their language fluency, hearty and economic status. The participants of the web discussions analyzed are searching for a comfortable position to show societal identification. On one hand, they want to affirm their function to be different and highlight their individ uality, and on the other hand, they criticize everything that separates them from other individuals or threaten their individuality. Philippines is a hybridized society, and many Filipinos want to preserve the double cultural standard, maintaining the dominance ofEnglish and Spanish as languages of power, but embracing as well their complex identities manifesting openly the hybridity of their identity as Filipino, Hispanic and Anglophone.Conyo talk the certification of hybrid identity and power in contemporary Philippine discourse.The common ground that unites all conyo speakers is their cultural peculiarity and historical memory. In the Philippines, despite being a colony of Spain for more than 300 years (1521-1898), Spanish has remained an exclusive language. It continues to be reserved only for the upper/middle class and university-educated people. Later, when the islands as a nation was transferred to the Americans through the Treaty of Paris in 1898, English spoken by the edu cated, upper/middle class was accorded the same privileged status. Social structures are the determining factors on how speakers behave, their particular ways of speaking, choices of words and rules for conversing. Filipinos who speak fluently Spanish and/or English are deal to be from upper/middle class and are treated with more respect. On the other hand, Philippine languages are considered inferior and the languages of the poor and illiterates. And because of the continuous disregard for Philippine languages and the high delight in held for Spanish and English, some Filipinos who have not come to terms with their perception of themselves as the other created a hybrid language where they persistently identify with their creator colonizers.Consequently, conyo talk has become the response for many Filipinos who, constrained by their background and having been deprived, at one point, of power -economic as well as social , are constantly subjected to the idea of being the other. Conyo talk has become a metaphor of what they have been denied the Spanish language, and an affirmation of their existence and the power that should be theirs and should continually flow to them. Its representation, as Blumenberg (2010) aptly wrote, indicates the fundamental certainties, conjectures, and judgments in relation to which the attitudes and expectations, actions and inactions, longings and disappointments, interests and indifferences, of an epoch (p. 14). Conyo talk has become a social-cultural default for many who want to be perceived as coming from upper-middle class, or simply an individual with power. The advent of Internet and Web discussions has opened new venues for people to discuss matters that affect society without being prejudiced. The opening duds of What is conyo ba?, Why doFilipinos love to mix languages? and Why are conyos discriminated? shed light on the need to comprehend how this discourse came into being, why speakers have chosen to speak it, what it represents to them.Participants alleviate, and even guide the flow of conversations from discussing its possible origins, their position towards its speakers or the discourse itself to expressing themselves in conyo. It is evident, from the examples cited, that its speakers endeavor to conjure up their identity as Filipino, Hispanic and Anglophone. They have created among themselves a type of jargon that is textually mediated where norms and rules are flexible, subject to interlocutors interpretations, and as in many social practices, they facilitate perceived anomalies to pass, in order to make sense of the rules and make the coding categories fit the data (Firth 2009, p. 69).Thus, when two participants wrote in Spanish ?porque hay conyo? para el pene puede lo entre. and exactamente, Una mujer tiene un conyo as que puedo utilizar mi pene ser malo que una mujer tenga, no one seemed to mind the faulty grammar on the contrary, the intention was accurately understood by some and were amused by these remarks. Conyo talks unwritten rules of conduct aremultifunctional and reflexively relate to its context of use. It is like a language game where the interactants position themselves intersubjectively. Thus, when one reads Yu-uck, thats sooo s-q-H2o or OMGeesshh dude shin bro labuyo, only a person familiar with this type of discourse can understand and infer the utterances meanings and allow themselves to be subjected to it. In this case, comprehension is achieved procedurally and contextually in what is said is invariably assessed in a particular, local context, by particular persons, at particular moment (Ibid., p. 71)IV. ANALYSISJust like English and Tagalog, conyo talk is just another way of Filipinos, especially the teens, to express and to communicate. Despite being referred to as the way of the rich kids to talk, conyo talk can be heard well-nigh all around the Philippines, especially, in conversations in almost all of the universities in the Metro Mani la. Students from private schools and universities are more likely to be heard lecture in a conyo way. English and Tagalog words are combined to make a sentence or phrase. Ican say that to talk in a conyo way is part of the Filipino students culture, especially those who are in the higher ups in our society. But looking on the brighter side of it, I spy that this conyo talk shows how intelligent the Filipinos are. It may sound annoying, but only the Filipinos can do that to talk with each other using a combination of two languages. They can position themselves more easily without fear of retaliation or ridicule as well as express solidarity, difference and/or power similar to everyday interactions or the hybridity-of-the-everyday.Participants use a more informal language, colloquial forms and other features that are usually associated with spoken language. In this case, hybridity occurs in the responses to the threads posted in reaction to positioning within the ambiguity of what is a Filipino. Are Filipinos only Asians, Hispanics, or Anglophones, or all of these? At the same time, in their continual accommodations of positions and power differences the idea of otherness may haunt the possibility of identification, for in many multiethnic societies such as the Philippines, discourse is bounded by the essentialism of social status (Tate 2007). Factors independent of specific speakers and circumstances, such as economic forces, power relation as well as factors directly related to speakers social networks and relationships, their attitudes and their self-perception and perception of others, influence their use of one or another language, or both. In virtual interactions, due to anonymity, member participants have more freedom to create identities to reflect their thoughts and belief.V. REFERENCEShttp//siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/linguelinguaggi/article/viewFile/12641/11252 Blumenberg, H. 2010, Paradigms for a Metaphorology, Cornell University Press, U. S. Bhabha, H. 1990, Dissemination, in Bhabha, H. (ed.), Nation and Narration, Routledge, New York, pp. 291-323.Firth, A. 2009, Ethnomethodology, in Dhondt, S., Ostman, J.O. and Verscheren, J. (eds.), The Pragmatics of Interaction, John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam, pp. 66-78 Mey, J. 2007, Developing pragmatics interculturally, in Kecskes, I and Horn, L (eds.),Exploration in Pragmatics, mutton de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 165-189.

Iron Lab Report Essay

From my background knowledge, the iron present which is elemental iron in the cornflakes is harder to absorb than either two . This is also supported by the acculturation rate gotten from the results section (table 2, percentage mass of Fe2+ ) it is seen that the absorption rate of the Fortified cereal is 7. 33% while that of the iron tablet and the beef colored are 15. 23% and 21. 80% respectively. According to bidrichfood. org, absorption of haeme iron from meat proteins is efficient, and it ranges from 15% to 35%, and is not significantly affected by diet.In contrast, 2% to 20% of nonhaeme iron in plant foods such as rice, maize, black beans, soybeans and wheat is absorbed. Nonhaeme iron absorption is significantly influenced by various food components. The Absorption rate of the Iron in the Iron tablet is lesser than that of the beef liver (as seen in Table. 2) because the iron content in the tablet is less absorbable by the body. This is to say that Natural source of iron are quickly absorbed than artificial source of iron by the body However victorious iron supplements sometimes cause side-effects such as constipation, diarrhea or heartburn.Sometimes these supplements are over taken thereby leading to Iron perniciousness which occurs on the absorption of excessive quantities of ingested iron. This severe overdose causes impaired oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction, which can result in cellular death. The liver is one of the organs most(prenominal) affected by iron toxicity, but other organs such as the heart, kidneys, lungs, and the hematologic systems also may be impaired. Iron supplements should not be taken along side calcium supplements however taking foliate with iron supplement will provide maximum benefits.Taking supplements although they seem to fork out side effects are used widely in medicine to irondeficiency anemia, and its also given to pregnant women in their bite or third trimester (because the body uses up more t han normal to sustain both mother and baby), its usually given with folic acid so to avoid Iron corrosion that occurs due to the damage cells of the duodenum not being able to absorb the iron thereby causing iron overload leading to gastro intestinal corrosion.No justifiable conclusion could be made from these experiment because the results gotten from this experiment were not totally credible as the experiment was prone to a few errors, these errors that could do occurred to bias the results include errors from reading the volume of MnO4 in the burette as the meniscus could not be seen clearly thus we had to look at the aggrandizement of the liquid which introduced errors, also the air oxygen error, Misjudging the equivalence point, and failure to transfer all the prepared solution for titration.Owing to these errors, are the reasons for any deviation in the result of this experiment, however in the future modifications will be made to reduce or annul these errors, modifications such as accurately measuring the weights, rightly judging the equivalence point, in general, care should be taken throughout the experiment to reduce possibility of errors.

Was Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1?

There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a superior general European state of war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the opinion that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its irrelevant policies to create tension within Europe which wherefore led to a European war. Source 1 argues Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could incur possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France by dint of Germanys fear of invasion who stimulated the war The British were resolute to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost. This leads to the judgement that although on that point is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the nous that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germanys increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly only when surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were feeling for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis of 1905-11 highlights the Kaisers desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 come in the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims shows that Germany had had every intention to go to war. That, in outcome with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states thatWas Germany responsible for the Outbreak of WW1?There is much evidence to suggest that German Aggression was responsible for the outbreak of a general European war in August 1914. Both Sources 1 and 2 play on the idea that both the Kaiser and Bethmann Hollweg used its foreign policies to create tension within Europe which consequently led to a European war. Source 1 argues Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to was to achieve these aims highlighting the forceful nature which Germany could have possessed in this era.However, Source 3 argues that infact the growing tension in Europe arguably led Germany to fight a defensive war and that it was infact Britain, Russia and France through Germanys fear of invasion who stimulated the war The British were determined to maintain their naval superiority, whatever the financial and political cost. This leads to the judgement that although there is some evidence to suggest that Germany did fight a defensive war to some extent, overall German aggression did lead to the outbreak of a general European war.Firstly, the idea that Germany did fight an aggressive war can be seen through Germanys increasing desire for European Hegemony. The fact that Germany was slowly but surly disabling European peace in its quest for Weltpolitik shows how Germany were looking for confrontation. The Moroccan Crisis of 1905-11 highlights the Kaisers desire to expand the German empire into other continents as well as just Europe. The consequences of this crisis furthermore increased the bitterness between the Germans and the French showing how the idea of Weltpolitik played a large part in the why Germany had an aggressive attitude to war.Both Source 1 and 2 follow the line of argument that the aggression had led to war, and that Germanys foreign policy aims were focused on annexation, and that she went to war to achieve these aims shows that Germany had had every intention to go to war. That, in conclusion with the latter emergence of the Schlieffen plan suggests how Germany were prepared to go to war highlighting that the idea they were fighting an defensive war could be hard to believe. Source 2 furthermore states that

Biology Lab. Introduction to Science Essay

You should submit your document in a Word (.doc or .docx) or ample Text Format (.rtf) for high hat compatibility.Exercise 1 Data Interpretation remit 1 Water Quality vs. Fish PopulationDissolved atomic function 8 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Number of Fish detect 0 1 3 10 12 13 15 10 12 13 1. What patterns do you observe based on the information in add-in 1?The patterns that I observe based on the information in Table 1 ar The level of Dissolved Oxygen consistently increases by an increment of 2 with each subsequent selective information point The Number of Fish Observed seems to quiver with no real consistency (with the exception that after the peak of 15 fish was observed, the next3 info points reflect 10, 12, 13 which was the same of fish that were observed in the exact order precedent to reaching the peak 15. (In short, the pattern 10, 12, 13 seems to have repeated itself.) The level of Dissolved Oxygen does not seem to decrease when the Number of Fish Observed decreas es2. Develop a hypothesis relating to the amount of dissolved oxygen measured in the pee sample and the number of fish observed in the frame of water system.Based on the information provided in the table, I would hypothesize that the number of fish observed has no bearing on the level of oxygen dissolved. This hypothesis would be based on the fact that the dissolved oxygen steadily and consistently increased by an increment of 2 with each progressive selective information point. When the number of fish observed was significantly increased from 3 to 10, the dissolved oxygen level only increased by 2. Conversely, when the number of fish observed significantly decreased from 15 to 10, the dissolved oxygen still maintained that consistent increase of 2.3. What would your observational approach be to test this hypothesis?The proveal approach that I would use to test this hypothesis would be to obtain a 2 freshwater fish tanks, fresh water, fish, an aquarium water level meter and a d issolved oxygen meter. In one tank, I would ensure that the aquarium was filled with a specific tout ensembley determined level of water and measure the level of dissolved oxygen present with no fish. Then I would gradually begin adding fish daily, starting with one fish. Each solar daytime I would ensure that the water level remained the same as it was prior to adding the number one fish and I would continue increasing/decreasing the total number of fish daily. I would also consistently measure the dissolved oxygen levels as I introduced or removed fish to observe the levels.In the second fish tank, I would ensure that the level of freshwater and dissolved oxygen matched the levels of the first fish tank prior to addingany fish. Then, I would add the level best number of fish that I intended to observe in the 1st tank and observe the oxygen level. For the duration of the essay, I would not ensure that the water level remains the same but I would not modify the total fish in th is tank. I would also observe the oxygen levels in the 2nd tank throughout the experiment.4. What are the independent and dependent variables?The independent variable in this experiment would be the total number of fish existence observed, and the dependent variable would be the dissolved oxygen.5. What would be your control?My control in this experiment would be the 2nd fish tank, which I would not fluctuate the total number of observed fish.6. What type of graph would be appropriate for this data set? Why?The most appropriate type of graph to utilize, which would best illustrate the data being compared in this example, would be a line graph. I would use a line graph because it most clearly and efficaciously demonstrates how the two independent data sets are related, as well as how their independent fluctuations in volume affect one another.7. Graph the data from Table 1 Water Quality vs. Fish Population (found at the beginning of this exercise). You may use Excel, then Insert th e graph, or use another brief program. You may also draw it neatly by hand and scan your drawing. If you choose this option, you must insert the scanned jpg image here.pic8. Interpret the data from the graph make in Question 7.The data from the graph supports my hypothesis that the total number of fishobserved does not have any bearing on the level of dissolved oxygen, which steadily increases by a level of two with each data point.Exercise 2 Testable ObservationsDetermine which of the pastime observations (A-J) could lead to a testable hypothesis.For those which are testableWrite a hypothesis and null hypothesisWhat would be your experimental approach?What are the dependent and independent variables?What is your control?How will you collect your data?How will you present your data (charts, graphs, types)?How will you analyze your data?1. When a plant is placed on a window sill, it grows three inches quicker per day than when it is placed on a coffee table in the middle of the liv ing room. TESTABLE Hypothesis The plant will grow at a faster rate per day when it is placed on a window sill as opposed to being placed on a coffee table in the middle of a living room. Null Hypothesis The location of the plant has no bearing on thegrowth rate per day. Experimental Approach I would gather four identical plants, two of which I would I would rotate between the living room and window sill daily, and the other two would remain static in their locations for the entire duration of the experiment. I would treat and care for all plants in an identical manner, ensure that their respective locations remained precisely the same, as well as measure and record the growth of each plant daily. After a fitted period of time had elapsed, I would record the final relevant data in Excel, and insert a line graph with all four plants incorporated into a single chart, which would also demonstrate the growth rate everyplace time.Subsequently, based on the information contained inw ardly the data points, and the line graph comparison, I would draw a final conclusion and present my data to implicated parties in the form of a brief Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. I would include a brief summary of the intent of the experiment, a detailed explanation of the tools and exact bidding in which I used to conduct my tests, and all of the raw data statistics relative to the daily growth rate of all four plants. Dependent unsettled The location of the plants. Independent Variable The growth rate of the plants. Control The 2 static plants.2. The teller at the bank with brown hair and brown eye and is taller than the other tellers. NOT TESTABLE3. When go eats healthy foods and exercises regularly, her blood pressure is 10 points lower than when she does not exercise and eats unhealthy foods. TESTABLE Hypothesis Sallys blood pressure will be lower when she eats healthyfoods and exercises regularly. Null Hypothesis The fact that Sally eats healthy foods and exc ercises regularly will have no effect on Sallys blood pressure. Experimental Approach I would first observe and record, for a sufficient period of time, Sallys eating habits, exercise regimen, and blood pressure, when she is not eating as healthy or exercising as regularly to accurately gauge a reliable average of the range of her blood pressure in this phase of the experiment. Then, I would ensure that Sally was placed on a healthy eating plan, approved by a nutritionist, and prescribe an exercise routine. Sallys eating habits and exercise regimen would again be preserve daily, along with her blood pressure statistics and other relevant information.I would track and record the daily relevant statistics in Excel, and I would also use a line graph to illustrate the comparison of her blood pressure over time under the two different scenarios. Subsequently, based on the information contained within the data points, and the line graph comparison, I would draw final conclusion and pres ent my data to interested parties in the form of a brief Microsoft PowerPoint presentation. I would include a brief summary of the intent of the experiment, a detailed explanation of the tools and exact process in which I used to conduct my tests, and all of the raw data statistics relative to the changes in Sallys blood pressure as well as her diet and exercise habits throughout the experiment process. Dependent Variable Sallys eating and exercise plan. Independent Variable Sallys blood pressure reduction. Control the phase of the experiment when Sallys blood pressure is observed and recorded when she is not eating healthy or exercising regularly.4. The Italian restaurant across the avenue closes at 9 pm but the one two blocks away closes at10 pm. NOT TESTABLE5. For the past two days the clouds have hail out at 3 pm and it has started raining at 315 pm. NOT TESTABLE6. George did not sleep at all the night following the start of daylight savings. NOT TESTABLEExercise 3 Conve rsionFor each of the following, convert each value into the designated units.1. 46,756,790 mg = _46.7568 kg2. 5.6 hours = _20160 seconds3. 13.5 cm = _5.31496_ inches4. 47 C = 116.6 FExercise 4 Accuracy and PrecisionDuring gym class, four students decided to see if they could beat the norm of 45 sit-ups in a minute. The first student did 64 sit-ups, the second did 69, the third did 65, and the fourth did 67. 2. The average score for the 5th grade math test is 89.5. The top 4th graders took the test and scored 89, 93, 91 and 87. BothYesterday the temperature was 89 F, tomorrow its supposed to be 88F and the next day its supposed to be 90F, even though the average for September is only 75F degrees PrecisionFour friends decided to go out and play horseshoes. They took a double of their results shown to the right NeitherA local grocery store was holding a contest to see who could most closely guess the number of pennies that they had interior a large jar. The first six people guesse d the numbers 735, 209, 390, 300, 1005 and 689. The grocery clerk said the jar actually contains 568 pennies. NeitherExercise 5 meaningful Digits and Scientific NotationPart 1 Determine the number of significant digits in each number and write out the specific significant digits. 405000 3 (405)0.0098 2 (98)39.999999 8 (39999999)13.00 4 (1300)80,000,089 8 (80000089)55,430.00 7 (5543000)0.000033 2 (33)620.03080 8 (62003080)Part 2 Write the numbers below in scientific notation, incorporating what you fuck about significant digits. 70,000,000,000 = 7 X 10100.000000048 = 4.8 X 10-867,890,000 = 6.789 X 10770,500 = 7.05 X 104450,900,800 = 4.509008 X 1080.009045 = 9.045 X 10-30.023 = 2.3 X 10-2TYPE YOUR FULL NAME

Beer Game Analysis Essay

* IntroductionThe beer plot of ground is a simulation first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Sloan coach of Management in the 1960s. This back up was made in other to experiment how reliable governances functions, where the consequences of e very decisions bet out as clearly as possible in the adventure as they would in a real organisation (Senge, 1990). Narayanan Arunachalam (2006) described the crippled as a popular classroom exercise for profession schools conceived at MIT with the primary purpose of demonstrating industrial dynamics. The beer game is a laboratory replica of a real organisational setting, helps to extravagantlylight the possible disabilities and their causes of an organisation. The beer game however in this case was created to fail and talllight possible riddles which an organisation may face in its submit train which is the bullwhip effect. The game includes four players which include the retailer, the wholesaler, the distribu tor and the milling machinery which is in an uplink setting. After playacting the game, down the stairs we leave behind be giving a detailed narration of the events that took place at the course of the game.* Data analysisThe objective of the beer game is to minimize the total m wholenesstary value for everyone in the bring home the bacon kitchen stove by maintaining low stocks and managing to deliver all orders (http//supply reach.mit.edu/games/beer-game, 2011). However, the game was created to fail and below is a marrowmary of events that took place during the game.Figure 1 Inventory/Backorder of the supply reachDuring the course of playing the game, we followed the zip fastener st prescribegy which stated that place zero orders upstream when your individual list is mellower than reward a port. This rule was largely what shaped the game and influenced the results in terms of broth and backorders. The retailer had a extensive good start in the game with a good recor d in inventories of 12 units money box calendar calendar hebdomad 5 when fill rose from guests and this caused the blood line rank to fall. In workweek 6, due(p)(p) to no despatchs and the bullwhip effect, the retailer started having back orders from the customers. Although the command stayed the akin from week 6, the retailer continued to experiencebackorders till week 21 when the wholesaler sent a lot of supplies at once this made the inventories to rise to a peak of 113 units in week 24. The wholesaler started with an descent of 12 units which remained the same in week 2.However, due to incoming shipments from the distributor and a drop of demand from the retailer, the catalogue rose to 16 units in week three and 20 units in week 4 and remained the same till week 6. Due to an join on in demand from the retailer and a lack of shipments from the distributor, the inventories fell to 6 units and in week 7 and at week 8, the wholesaler was having back orders. Backorde rs keep re blow overring and fluctuating until week 21 when it rose to 16 units of inventory and r to each oneed a peak of 136 units in week 25. The distributor during the game had the same inventory reckon for the first two weeks. The distributor maintained similar inventory grade till week 9 when the distributor started recording backorders this was due to the in energy of the distributor to meet the orders of the wholesaler.The distributor continued to experience fluctuations in backorders until week 25 when it got a lot of supplies from the pulverization the inventories at the end of this week was at 40. The factory had started the game with an inventory of 12 units which remained the same till week 10. This was largely due to a lack of huge demands from the distributor. The factory however started experiencing backorders at week11. Backorder rates kept fluctuating during the weeks due to the inability of the factory to meet the needs of the factory on measure. At week 25, the factory got a huge sum of supplies from the brewery which made its inventory to reach a peak of units. The high rate of back orders was caused by dour soupcon durations, the bullwhip effect and the effects of the zero strategy. This made backorders to be on the rise for all the supply chain operators. Increase in demand also played a great role in causing the high number of backorders which in turn made the total live to rise at a higher pace than it should.Figure 2 Order chartAbove is a chart showing the order levels of the Retailer, wholesaler, distributor, factory and customer. At the course of the game, due to the zero strategy, all supply chain operators had to flip zero orders from week one to week 4, because demand was less than the inventory. The customerdemand remained the same at 4 units until week 5. In week 5, demand from the retailers order rate had add-ond from zero to 16 part demand rose to 8 units compared to previous weeks.The orders of the wholesaler, d istributor and factory remained zero in this week because they had high inventories. The decrease in inventories of the retailer resulted in the accession in order rates which was caused by a decrease in shipment which is a bullwhip effect. By week 11, all the supply chain operators had increase their order rate because their inventory levels were down. And back orders followed onside changes in order changes which are all caused by the bullwhip effect. In week 21, the bullwhip effect were decreased which resulted to increased inventories and the zero rule coming in.* Issues that you encountered using the zero strategy* Increase in BackordersThe biggest challenge we faced during the beer game was the challenge of constantly increasing backorders which goat be seen in opine1. The retailer had a peak backorder rate of 49, the wholesaler 90, the distributor 85 and the factory 72 backorders. Backorder means a distribution term that refers to the location of items on a purchase orde r in the event that some or the entire inventory required to fulfill the order is insufficient to satisfy demand exceeding to a waiting limit for the organisation to meet this demand (Donovan, 2010). After using the zero strategy for a few weeks, we frame the backorder like a chain reaction star from retailer up to the factory.* Zero inventory and natural rubber stockWe know that in the real business, zero inventories and stock means that the play a bigs ability of resisting the risk of backorders and paucity of supply is repressd. But this is the case in the beer game where we went on with zero inventory and safety stock for weeks. This showed that the caller-out was incompetent in meeting its own standards.* High rise of constituteCost control is very important for a company, high cost operation is unacceptable. During the beer game, due to the high cost of back orders, we were running on an outrageous cost per week. This was either due to enormousinventory or massive ba ckorders. The cost of the backorders $1.00 and inventory cost $0.60. After we finish this game, we found that the cost of each supply chain operator was high and a total cost of $2, 862. At the initial stage, the increase in cost was little and similar when back orders rose, the cost became tremendous.* Delay in shipment (Long learn time)During the game, it took two weeks for the retailer to get supplies from the wholesaler and twice as long if the wholesaler has not replete resources for the retailer. That means that it took two weeks to receive from the wholesaler, when the wholesaler is out of stock, it takes four weeks, and when the distributor is out of stock it takes six weeks for the distributor to get stock from the factory and finally, when the factory is out of stock, it takes seven weeks for the retailer to receive supplies. This shipment delay devils it difficult to meet customer demands and causes high cost due to backorders.* Lack of communicationDuring the beer gam e there was no communication of any sort between the supply chain operators and this led to so many misjudgements. The lack of communication led to the bullwhip effect which cost us a lot by resulting in back orders, and high cost.* Challenges encountered in beer game* Bullwhip EffectThe bullwhip effect was coined in by follow and Gamble (P&G) when the company experienced extensive demand amplification for their diaper products (Lee et .al, 1997). The bullwhip effect is a phenomenon in the supply chain whereby unpredictable elements introduced by human behaviour in the lower part of the chain becomes much pronounced the higher up the chain they move (Baugher, 2012). By synchronizing the supply chain the bullwhip effect brook be croakd. The bullwhip effect describes how inaccurate data, and a disconnection between production and real time supply chain entropy result in loss of revenue bad customer service, high inventory levels and unrealised profits (Agarwal, 2009). With refer ence to figure 1 above, we depose observe that the bullwhip effect did occur during the beer gamesimulation. An good example of such a situation is in week 5 when the consumer demand increased from 4 units to 8 units.The retailer then made an order of 16 units upstream in week 5, when the wholesaler got the figures the wholesaler then made an order of 20 units in week 7. This continued with the distributor, who logical 25 units upstream in week 9, the reaction of the factory was similar with an order of 26 units in week 11. This shows a spike in demand upstream as illustrated in figure 3. The major cause of the bullwhip effect was the increase in consumer demand in week 5 and 6. Which later came to a normal state in week 7 at 8 units as illustrated in figure 2? The individual demand computes from the supply chain operators also caused the bullwhip effect.Lack of communication is also very common when the supply chain operators may not provide sufficient or accurate information up the supply chain on the subject of current market conditions causing improper levels of inventory (Coyle et.al, 2003). This was the case during the beer game which can be seen that with time, the demand was interpreted differently as it went upstream. This the entire supply chain faced backorders due to the bullwhip effect from week 6 onwards even though the demand remained the same from week 8 onwards. The implications of the bullwhip effect includes excess inventories which was the case at the closing weeks of the game, problems with quality, increased naked as a jaybird materials costs, overtime expenses, increased inventory costs, increased backorder costs and increased shipping costs (Bowersox, D.J, 2007).* Long lead timeLead time delay occurs when the time it takes to obtain, make and deliver the finished goods to a customer takes longer than the time the customer is prepared to wait for it to reach them (Fawcett et.al, 1992). During the beer game, it takes 2weeks for the wholesaler to get information from the retailer and vice versa. It takes the distributor two weeks to get information from the wholesaler and it takes two weeks for the wholesaler to get information from the distributor.It also takes two weeks for the factory to get information from the distributor and two weeks for the distributor to get supplies from the factory. It takes the brewery one week to get information from the factory and one week for the factory to get information from the brewery. So like it was experienced in the beer game,when all the supply chain operators are dried out, doing the math, it takes seven weeks for supplies to go from the brewery down to the consumer, and six weeks for information to go from the retailer to the factory. The longer the lead time, it creates negative impact on the firm as it tames the customers responsiveness and reactions (Stock, J.R and Lambert, D.S, 2001).* Zero strategyThe zero strategy which is a rule for playing the game clearly st ates that we as the operators place zero orders uplink if demand is less than inventory. This went along way to cause a lot of delays in shipments because of long lead times. This is because when the inventory of the retailer as seen in figure 1 becomes less than demand, it took 5 weeks for the factory to encounter such an effect. This made the lead time even longer and caused the bullwhip effect as well as enormous back orders.* take out orders to reduce inventoryDuring the course of the game, we had to neglect backorders in order to reduce inventory and save costs. This can be seen in figure 3 below where the retailer did not dramatically increase demand to meet back orders but did this on a gradual basis in order to reduce inventory and holding cost. However when the supplies finally came, the effects were conscionable as bad with inventory rates skyrocketing overnight. Figure 3 Inventory and Demand of retailer* Ways to improve the zero strategy* mend communicationBy improvin g communication levels among the supply chain operators forget help to solve the problem of assumptions, inappropriate decisions and reduce the bullwhip effect. In both actual supply chains and supply chain simulation, we can cut supply chain fluctuations by 80% by cutting order-to-delivery time by half(prenominal) (Simchi et.al, 2003). Improvement in communication will help to improve the efficiency of the schema by eliminating assumptions and excite a synchronized supply chain which will help in getting all the partners to persist in a way that is mutually supportive, corporative and transparent (Grard P. Cacho et al.)* Point of cut-rate sale (POS) systemPoint of Sale system is a means or can be referred to as a system which is meant to issue with the sales of goods. Point of sale system is software that works with hardware in order to survey and monitor sales in order to give accurate demand and sales information (http//www.gofrugal.com/pos/ point-of-sale.html?gclid=CPyHob rW-q4CFQ8b6wodkDXwwg,2004). By implementing this system, the company can be able to get accurate demand which will help the company in eliminating sudden demand spikes like seen in the beer game. An example of a company which uses such a system is Wal-Mart and the system works well for the company helping to monitor all sales and demand, reduce the risk of inventory shrinkage, manage special demands, maintain control, improve efficiency and help the company make timely and accurate reports (http//www.carolinabarcode. com/run-my-store-a-36.html, 2012).* Just in time inventory systemJust in time (JIT) also known as just in time inventory system manages the inventory and lessens the costs of inventory control and the cost of maintaining the inventory of a business. This helps the company to reduce a substantial meter of its inventories, reduce monastic order and save warehousing costs (Bowersox, D.J, 2007). A real life example of a company using the Just in time inventory system is D ell computer slew which uses the just in time system so that an order for a customized personal computer that comes in over the internet at 9am can be delivered by truck to the customer by 9pm.This system allows dell to save costs and with this, the company under prices its products compared to its rivals by about 10% to 15% (McWilliams, 1997)(Source aged McWilliams, Whirlwind on the web, Business Week, April 7, 1997.). This system would lead to more efficiency of the bear game eliminating backorders and retention just enough stock for the company to produce when needed. This strategy will by many supply chain operators such as the distributor and the wholesaler leaving just the factory and the retailer devising products in stock(predicate) quickly and almost eliminating the bullwhip effect.* Push and Pull BoundaryThe push terminus ad quem process is a forecast and execution driven in anticipation for demand, while the pull process is demand driven and is initiated in response to real demand (Chopra and Meindl, 2001). The present trend around the world is a swing from a push system to a pull system this is because the pull system helps in reducing inventory levels. Push and pull boundary occurs when the demand intersects expectation of future demand. Pull systems are based on real demands and production and manufacturing of goods done in relationship with the demands of the consumers (Bowersox, D.J, 2007).Figure 3 Push/pull boundary in Dells supply chainThe above diagram shows the push and pull boundary of Dells supply chain. The company combines both push and pulls boundary systems in running its operations. The company by-passes a lot of areas in the supply chain by manufacturing and selling directly to its customers. The process starts with consumer ordering and then the manufacturing cycle which are known as pull boundary systems.The inventory of the company will be stocked up following the demand of customers in order for the product to be made. en tirely the processes included in the procurement of a product is implemented by Dell and this is regarded as a push approach primarily because it reacts to future demands effectively making products available in time and keeping low inventories. This system will be of great help to the beer game helping in making raw materials readily available for production and keeping inventories and costs low.* Eliminate gaming in shortage situationsDuring the beer game, the gaming shortage situation was experienced when there was a shortage in raw materials and inventories for the manufacturing of these products. When shortages occur, alternatively of allocating products based on orders, it is allocated in a proportion to past sales record. This will make customers have no need to exaggerate their demands because it will cause them negative results. General motors has used this method for a long time in the allocation of its supply. This will help to make the beer game have more reliable demand data.* Continuous system (fixed order-quantity)In the beer game, order time is the same which is once a week. This makes it easier for the retailers to make quick orders for products required. However, the quantity of the product differs and it would be easier if the demand rate was fixed with adjustments made to make the order rate cater for inventory, buffer stock and demand. This will go a long way in making things easier and decreasing the bullwhip effect which can be seen to be predominant in the game.* latch on the Vendor Managed Inventory StrategyThe vendor managed inventory strategy is a strategy which manages the quantity of goods produced by a manufacturer allowing the manufacturer to decide the quantity to keep and how much to ship to the retailer. This is a strategic move for manufacturers in order for them to be able to increase profitability by eliminating stock while improving on sales and overall performance.* Avoid multiple demand forecast updatesAs can be noted i n the beer game, the bullwhip effect causes the demand forecast to be multiplied as it goes uplink. Instead, making same orders from downstream been the retailer to the supplier to be the same will make things much easier eliminating high inventories and the bullwhip effect.* Reasons for Changes made to the Zero StrategyThe zero strategy is considered as a bad strategy due to its failure during the simulation test. While we obeyed the zero rule of the zero strategy while playing the game, we notice that the game started to fail with a dramatic fall in inventory rate, lack of buffer stock, increase in backorders and a rise in the total operations cost. This led to the total failure of the game because the zero strategy did not allow us to meet the needs of consumers because of too many uplinks in the supply chain and long lead time. The bullwhip effect also posed a great hurt to the strategy because it contributed greatly to the failure of the game. * Impact on the outcome of the g ame* Decrease in cost as a result of little inventories and no backorders.* Elimination of some supply chain operators which will reduce lead time and results in quick flow of information and supplies.* Decrease or eliminate the bullwhip effect.* Decrease lead times and make delivery quicker.* Have safety stock for risky situations.* refinementHaving conducted the above analysis on the zero strategy, it is important that I stress that the bullwhip effect can take a high toll on a company with reference to the game. The game however was a tremendous failure with poor results which includes increase in backorder rates, lack of inventories, rise in cost and long lead time. These issues can however be overcome by using the POS system, just in time inventory system (JIT), improve communication among supply chain operators and the push and pull boundary system. With example of success from companies that have tried these systems and its success in the beer game, I think these changes wil l go a long way in making the beer game simulation a success.